Anastrozole

Generic Name : Anastrozole

Pronunciation : an as' troe zole

Trade Name(s): 
India- Altraz Tab, Altrol Tab, Anabrez Tab, Arimidex Tab, Armotraz Tab, Redest Tab, Stazonex Tab.
International-Arimidex.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This medication is prescribed for early breast cancer in women who have experienced menopause including women with disease progression after tamoxifen therapy. It is a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor. It decreases the amount of estrogen the body makes.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Contraindicated to pregnancy, premenopausal women, patients who are experienced with hypersensitivity to any components.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category D : There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

When it is to be taken : 
Adjuvant treatment in early breast cancer; Advanced or locally advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: 1 mg/day.

How it should be taken : 
This medication available in the form of tablets to take by mouth once a day, with or without food.

Special Instruction : 
*Caution should be exercised in patients with history of moderate or severe liver impairment, excess fat.


*It may cause dizziness. Do not drive a car or operate machinery while driving this medication.


* Avoid alcohol consumption.




*Do the lab test for menopause if status is doubtful.


*Bone mass density (bone mineral density) test should be conducted at the start of the therapy and at regular intervals thereafter.

Side Effects : 
Heart-

Widening of blood vessels, hypertension, sudden cardiac death, blood clot in veins and insufficient blood supply to brain.

Central Nervous System-

Lack of energy, mood disturbances, headache, depression, sleeplessness, dizziness, abnormal sensations, anxiety, increased tightness of muscle and fatigue.

Skin-
Rash, sweating, redness of the skin, mucous membrane infection.

Eye and ENT-
Inflammation of pharynx and clouding of eye lenses.

Gastrointestinal-

Stomach disturbances, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, loss of appetite, indigestion, gastrointestinal disorder and dry mouth.

Genitourinary-
Breast pain, urinary tract infection, inflammation of vagina, breast neoplasm, vaginal bleeding, whitish or yellowish vaginal discharge and vaginal dryness.

Blood-Lymphatic-
Lymph nodes swelling, decrease in hemoglobin, and white blood cells.

Liver-
Increased level of liver enzymes and jaundice.

Hypersensitivity-
Allergic reactions including hypersensitivity reaction, rapid swelling of the dermis and skin rash.

Metabolic-Nutritional-
Edema, high blood cholesterol and weight gain.

Musculoskeletal-
Inflammation of joints, joint pain, back pain, bone pain, an increased risk of fracture, pelvic pain and muscle pain.

Respiratory-Difficulty in breathing, increased cough, sinus or sinusitis and inflammation of bronchus.

Miscellaneous-
Hot flashes, pain, accidental injury, infection, chest pain, flu syndrome, cyst, neoplasm and tumor flare.

Other Precautions : 
* Monitor cholesterol levels and bone mineral density periodically.

Storage Conditions : 
Oral: Store at 20-25�C. Store it in airtight container.

Lorazepam

Generic Name : Lorazepam

Pronunciation : lor a' ze pam

Trade Name(s): 
India- Almazine Tab, Anxipose Tab, Atipam Tab, Ativan Inj, Ativan Tab, Calmese Amp, Calmese Tab, C-Van Tab, Larpose Tab, Lopez Amp, Lopez Tab, Lora Amp, Loracalm Tab, Loraz Inj, Loraz Tab, Lorcin Tab, Lorel Tab, Loripam Inj, Loripam Sublingual Tab, Loripam Tab, Lorivan Tab, Lorpik Tab, Lorvan Tab, L-Pam Tab, L-Zepam Tab, Orazep Tab, Psycopan Tab, Trapex Tab, Zepatrac Tab, Zepnap Tab.
International- Ativan, Lorazepam Intensol.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : This medication is a benzodiazepine, prescribed for anxiety.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Contraindicated in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma and hypersensitivity.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category D : There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

When it is to be taken : PO- The recommended dose is 2-3 mg/day given in two or three divided doses.

How it should be taken : It comes as a tablet to take by mouth, with or without food.

Special Instruction : 
* Caution should be exercised in patients with history of increased eye pressure, seizures, lung, heart or liver disease, any allergy, who are taking other medications, elderly, during pregnancy and breastfeeding.


* It may cause drowsiness or dizziness, do not drive a car or operate machinery while taking this medication.



* Avoid alcohol consumption.



* Monitor liver function and complete blood counts regularly while taking this medication.

Side Effects : 
Most Common -

Dizziness, weakness and unsteadiness.
Central Nervous System -


Drowsiness, memory loss, confusion, disorientation, depression, emotional state, suicidal thought/attempt, incoordination, weakness, convulsions/seizures, tremor, fainting, visual disturbances, slurred speech, change in libido, impotence, headache and coma.
Respiratory -


Respiratory depression and worsening of obstructive pulmonary disease.
Gastrointestinal -


Nausea, change in appetite, constipation and jaundice.
Hypersensitivity reactions -


Shock.
Skin -


Hair loss.

Other Precautions : 
*Avoid excess dosage.

Storage Conditions : 
Store it at room temperature and in an airtight container. Keep away from children.

Estradiol

Generic Name : Estradiol

Pronunciation : ES-tra-DYE-ol

Trade Name(s): 
India- Evalon, Progynova, Evalon Forte, Espauz, Conjugase, Ed Val, Premarin, Estrofem, Progynon Depot, E-2 Gel, Sandrena, Estraderm MX, ETS Patch, Systen-50.
International- Divigel Gel, E 2 Vaginal Tab Tab, E2 Gel Gel, Estraderm Mx Patch, Estrofem Tab, Ets Patch Patch, Evalon Crm Cream, Evalon Tab, Oestrogel Gel, Progynon Depot Inj, Progynova Tab, Sandrena Gel.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This medication is a sex hormone, prescribed for treating conditions due to menopause, treating vulval or vaginal atrophy, prostate cancer, and preventing osteoporosis (brittle bones). It is also used for estrogen replacement therapy after failure of the ovaries and to relieve the symptoms of breast cancer.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity; undiagnosed vaginal bleeding; clot in blood vessels; breast cancer, estrogen-dependent tumor; disorders of certain enzymes; pregnancy.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category X : Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.

When it is to be taken : 
Estradiol dosage varies according to indication and route of administration.

How it should be taken : 
It may be administered orally, as an intramuscular injection or applied to the skin or mucous membranes.

Special Instruction : 
*Conditions that become more severe with estrogen include fluid retention; increase in calcium level, poor blood flow to the brain, coronary artery disease, gall bladder diseases; lipid effects; familial defects of lipoprotein metabolism.


*May increase blood pressure, risk of blood clot in the vein, breast cancer, benign tumor of the liver, endometrial cancer and size of preexisting uterine fibroid.


*Dosage should be reduced in liver problem and during breastfeeding.


*It should not be used in children.

Side Effects : 
Central Nervous System-
Headache, dizziness, sleeplessness, depression, anxiety, nervousness, migraine.

Gastrointestinal-
Abdominal distension, abdominal pain, flatulence, nausea, constipation, upset stomach , diarrhea, bleeding, toothache, tooth disorder.

Skin-
Rash, itching, inflammation of the skin, skin scar.

Heart-
Temporary loss of consciousness and posture, vein inflammation.

Genitourinary-
Abnormal bleeding during menstrual cycles, breast pain, breast tenderness, vaginal bleeding, vaginal discomfort, blood in urine, urinary incontinence.

Other Precautions : 
*Monitor blood sugar level regularly, in case if you have diabetes.

Storage Conditions : 
Store it at room temperature.

Aztreonam

Generic Name : Aztreonam

Pronunciation : az-TREE-oh-nam

Trade Name(s): 
India- Azactam Vial, Azenam Vial, Azom Inj Vial, Azotum Vial, Aztreo Vial, Treonam Vial, Trezam Vial.
International- Azactam.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This medication is monobactam antibiotic, prescribed for serious infections caused by susceptible gram negative bacteria like urinary tract infection, lower respiratory tract infection. It works by killing sensitive bacteria that cause infection.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Hypersensitivity; lactation

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category B : Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women OR Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in any trimester.

When it is to be taken : 
IV/IM -Gram negative infections- 1 to 8 g/day in divided doses depending on severity. Max: 8 g/day.
Urinary tract infection- 0.5 to1 g 8 to12 hours.
IM Cystitis; Gonorrhoea -1 g as a single dose.

Inhalation- 75 mg 3 times daily (at least 4 h apart) for 28 days.

How it should be taken : 
It is usually administered as an injection at your doctor's office, hospital, or clinic.
Inhalation: Do not administer with any other nebulizer.

Special Instruction : 
*Do not use this medication if it contains particles, is cloudy or discolored, or if the vial is cracked or damaged.


*Keep this product, as well as syringes and needles, out of the reach of children and pets. Do not reuse needles, syringes, or other materials.


*Mild diarrhea is common with antibiotic use. However, a more serious form of diarrhea (pseudo membranous colitis) may rarely occur. This may develop while you use the antibiotic or within several months after you stop using it. Contact your doctor right away.


*Hypersensitivity to other β-lactams.


*Harmful to liver or kidney functions, and pregnancy.

Side Effects : 
Central Nervous System-
Injection-
Seizures, confusion, vertigo, tingling, dizziness.

Skin-
Inhalation-
Rash.


Injection-
Rash.

Eye and ENT-
Inhalation -
Nasal congestion, pharyngolaryngeal pain.

Gastrointestinal-
Inhalation -
Abdominal pain, vomiting.


Injection -
Diarrhea, nausea, pseudomembranous colitis, vomiting.

Local-
Inflammation of vein after IV administration, pain/swelling at IM injection site.

Respiratory-
Inhalation -
Cough, wheezing, asthma.


Injection-
Difficulty in breathing.

Miscellaneous-
Inhalation
Chest discomfort, fever.
Injection -
Fever.

Other Precautions : 
*Avoid long-term use, otherwise it will cause secondary infection.

Storage Conditions : 
Injection: Once reconstituted, it should be used within 48 hr if stored at 15-30°C or 7 days if stored at 2-8°C. Do not freeze it.

Loxapine

Generic Name : Loxapine

Pronunciation : lox' a peen

Trade Name(s): 
India- Enipaxol Cap, Loxapac Cap, Loxapac Liqd.
International- Loxitane.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : This medication is a tranquilizer, prescribed for emotional and mental conditions.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Contraindicated in patients with coma, severe central nervous system depression, and hypersensitivity.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category C : Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

When it is to be taken : PO- The recommended dose range is 10 – 250 mg/day in divided doses.

How it should be taken : It comes as a capsule and liquid to take by mouth, with food.

Special Instruction : 
* Caution should be exercised in patients with history of seizures, difficulty in urinating, increased eye pressure, breast cancer, brain tumor, heart disease, any allergy, who are taking other medications, during pregnancy and breastfeeding.


* It may cause dizziness or drowsiness, do not drive a car or operate machinery and get up slowly from bed while taking this medication.



* Avoid alcohol consumption.



* Do not become overheated; otherwise it may cause heat stroke.




* Patient may develop with increased risk of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) with the following symptoms: increased body heat, muscle rigidity, altered mental abilities. If it so consult with your doctor.

Side Effects : 
Central Nervous System -


Dizziness, faintness, staggering gait, muscle twitching, weakness, sleeplessness, agitation, tension, seizures, slurred speech, numbness and confusion.
Heart -

Fast heart rate, low/high blood pressure, lightheadedness and fainting.
Blood -

Decrease in white blood cells and platelets.
Skin -

Skin inflammation, swelling, itching, rash, hair loss and scaling.
Anticholinergic -

Dry mouth, nose congestion, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention and intestinal obstruction.
Gastrointestinal -

Nausea, jaundice and/liver inflammation.
Others -
Weight gain, weight loss, difficulty in breathing, fever, flushing, headache, tingling, increased thirst, absence of menstrual period, breast enlargement in male and menstrual irregularity.

Other Precautions : 
* Some patients may develop with involuntary movements; if it so consult with your doctor.



* Avoid excess dosage.

Storage Conditions : 
Store it at controlled room temperature (15-30°C).

Acenocoumarol

Generic Name : Acenocoumarol

Trade Name(s): 
India- Acitrom Tab, Nistrom Tab.
International- Acenox, Acitrom, Antitrom, Azecar, Cumarol, Mini-Sintrom.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This medication is an anticoagulant, prescribed for thromboembolic disorders.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

This medication is not advisable in patients with active bleeding or risk of serious bleeding, severe high blood pressure and pregnancy.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category X : Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.

When it is to be taken : 
Adult: PO- 4-12 mg on the 1st day and 4-8 mg on the 2nd day. Maintenance: 1-8 mg/day as a single dose.

How it should be taken : 
It comes as a tablet to take by mouth, with food.

Special Instruction : 
* Caution should be exercised in patients with history of bleeding disorders, peptic ulcer, severe wounds, allergies, stroke, stomach infections, liver or kidney impairment, elderly, children and breastfeeding.


* Avoid alcohol consumption while taking this medication.

Side Effects : 
Skin-

Hair loss, rash, hives and itching.
Gastrointestinal-



Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Liver -



Liver damage.
Potentially Fatal- Severe bleeding.

Other Precautions : 
*Avoid excess dosage.

Storage Conditions : 
Oral: Store it at room temperature (20-25°C) and in an airtight container.

Ribavirin

Generic Name : Ribavirin

Pronunciation : RYE-ba-VIR-in

Trade Name(s): 
India- Rebetol Cap, Ribamac Cap, Ribavin Cap, Ribavin Syr, Rivirin Cap, Virazide Syr, Virazide Tab.
International- Copegus, Rebetol, Virazole.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This medication is an antiviral agent, prescribed for severe Respiratory Syncytial Viral infection in infants and children, especially those with other risk factors such heart disease. It is also used in chronic hepatitis C infection combined with Peginterferon.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Contraindicated to pregnant women, men whose female partners are pregnant, patients with a history of allergy to this drug or any component of the product; patients with abnormal hemoglobin and anemia, autoimmune liver disease, liver failure, creatinine clearance

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category X : Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.

When it is to be taken : 
Adult: PO- 400 – 600 mg two times per day. Dosage depends on the product used and patient's body weight. It is administered via inhalation in infants.

How it should be taken : 
It comes as a tablet, a capsule, an oral solution to take by mouth and an aerosol solution. Take oral preparations two times per day with food.

Special Instruction : 
*Caution needed for patients with history of extensive liver fibrosis, kidney impairment, and anemia.
*Monitor complete blood count regularly during treatment.
*Use at least 2 reliable contraceptives during treatment and for at least 6 month after treatment.
*Increased risk of heart attack in patients with anemia.
*It may make you drowsy, dizzy, or confused. Do not drive a car or operate machinery while taking this medication.

Side Effects : 
Most common-
Injection site reaction, fatigue, weakness, headache, rigors, fevers, nausea, muscle pain and anxiety, anger, mood swings.
Most Serious -
Hemolytic anemia (Anemia due to breakdown of red blood cells).
Central Nervous System-
Fatigue, weakness, headache, depression, psychosis, aggressive behavior, hallucinations, or violent behavior.
Gastrointestinal-
Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite.
Metabolic-
Abnormality in thyroid hormone.
Heart-
Abnormal rate or rhythm may occur in patients taking inhaled ribavirin with underlying heart disease.
Miscellaneous-
Fever, decrease in white blood cell, injection site redness, loss of hair, allergic reactions.

Other Precautions : 
*Do not change the dosage.

Storage Conditions : 
Store it at room temperature (25°C).

Entecavir

Generic Name : Entecavir

Pronunciation : Enti-CA-vir

Trade Name(s): 
India- Baraclude, Entehep.
International- Baraclude.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This medication is an oral antiviral agent, prescribed for hepatitis B.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Contraindicated in patients with HIV infection and hypersensitivity.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category C : Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

When it is to be taken : 
Adult- PO- The recommended dose is 0.5 mg to 1mg once daily.

How it should be taken : 
It comes as a tablet and liquid to take by mouth, on an empty stomach.

Special Instruction : 
* Caution should be exercised in patients with history of HIV infection, kidney , liver problems, obesity, any allergy, who are taking other medications, elderly, children, during pregnancy and breastfeeding.



* It may cause dizziness, do not drive a car or operate machinery while taking this medication.



* During sexual intercourse life partner may develop with this infection, to avoid this problem consult with your doctor.

Side Effects : 
Headache, dizziness, heartburn, drowsiness and sleep disturbances.

Other Precautions : 
* Avoid excess dosage and abrupt withdrawal.

Storage Conditions : 
Store it at room temperature, and in an airtight container. Keep away from children.

Erythromycin

Generic Name : Erythromycin

Pronunciation : er ith roe mye' sin

Trade Name(s): 
India- Acnebenz Gel, Acnederm Lotion, Acnederm Oint, Acnelak-Z Lotion, Acnet Cream, Acrub Lotion Lotion, Althrocin Drops, Althrocin Kid-Tab, Althrocin Liqd, Althrocin Tab Chewable Tab, Althrocin Tab Dispertab, Althrocin Tab, Aritomycin Tab, Calthrox Oint, Calthrox Susp, Calthrox Tab, Citamycin P-Tab, Citamycin Tab, E.E.S. 400 Tab, Eltocin P-Tab, Eltocin Susp, Eltocin Tab, Eltocin-Br Tab, Eltocin-Ds Tab, Elucin Cream, Elucin Susp, Elucin Tab, E-Mycin Tab, Erase Tab, Eroate Syr, Eroate Tab, Ero-B Syr, Erocyn Jr-Tab, Erocyn Liqd, Erocyn Tab, Erolcid Tab, Eroma Tab, Eromed Gel, Eromed Lotion, Eromed Tab , Eromed Tab, Ery Tab, Eryacne Gel, Erycin Dispertab, Erycin Tab, Erycip Film-Coated Tab, Erypal Susp, Erypal Tab, Erysia Oint, Erysoft Tab, Erysoft-Kid Tab, Eryspans Cap, Eryster Tab, Erythrocin Drops, Erythrocin Granules, Erythrocin Susp, Erythrocin Syr, Erythrocin-Ft Tab, Erythrokem Syr, Erythrokem Tab, Erythrolar Tab, Erytop Cream, Erytop Lotion, Etomin P-Tab, Etomin Susp, Etomin Tab, Floramycin Tab, Gery Oint, Inderyth Tab, Okamycin Cream, Relithrocin Tab, Restomycin Fc-Tab, Thromycin Syr, Thromycin Tab, Tpact Oint.
International- ERY-C, Ery-Tab, Erythromycin Base Filmtab, PCE Dispertab.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This medication is an antibiotic, prescribed for certain types of bacterial infections such as bronchitis, diphtheria, legionnaires' disease, pertussis etc.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Contraindicated to patients who are taking terfenadine or astemizole and hypersensitivity.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category B : Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women OR Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in any trimester.

When it is to be taken : 
PO- Aults: The usual dose is 250 mg every 6 hours taken one hour before meals.


Child:
The usual dosage is 30 to 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses.

How it should be taken : 
It comes as a tablet to take by mouth, on an empty stomach.

Special Instruction : 
* Caution should be exercised in patients with history of liver disease, yellowing of the skin or eyes, colitis, stomach problems, irregular heartbeat, blood disease porphyria, any allergy, who are taking other medications, during pregnancy and breastfeeding.


* Avoid long-term use of this medication; otherwise it may cause secondary infection.



* It may aggravate muscle weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis.



* Monitor liver function, kidney function and complete blood cell counts regularly while taking this medication.

Side Effects : 
Most Frequent -

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and loss of appetite.

Other Precautions : 
* Avoid excess dosage.

Storage Conditions : 
Store it at controlled room temperature (15°C to 30°C), and in an airtight container.

Alteplase

Generic Name : Alteplase

Pronunciation : AL-teh-PLACE

Trade Name(s): 
India- Actilyse Vial.
International- Cathflo Activase.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This medication is an enzyme (tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)), prescribed for heart attack, stroke, and pulmonary embolism. It helps to break down unwanted blood clots.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Contraindicated in patients with recent surgery or trauma, bleeding within the brain, uncontrolled high blood pressure, clotting defects, aneurysm or tumor in brain and active bleeding.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category C : Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

When it is to be taken : 
Adult: Acute massive pulmonary embolism- Total dose: 100 mg (not >1.5 mg/kg for patients weighing Acute stroke: 0.9 mg/kg (not more than 90 mg) IV over 1 hour. The first 10% should be administered in 1 minute.
Heart attack: For patients weighing > 67 kg, 15 mg iv, followed by 50 mg over the next half an hour, and then 35 mg over the next 1 hour. The total dose of 100 mg may also be administered over 3 hours.

How it should be taken : 
It comes as a solution for injection, to be injected by a healthcare provider into the vein.

Special Instruction : 
*It may lead to serious bleeding, contact your doctor immediately.
*Caution should be exercised in children, elderly, pregnant women, and patients with kidney disease.
*Monitor for intracranial bleeding and blood pressure in acute stroke.

Side Effects : 
Potentially Fatal- Bleeding in the brain.
Heart -

Heart failure, abnormal heart rhythm and heart arrest.
Central Nervous System -
Cerebral edema (increased fluid content in the brain).
Miscellaneous-
Allergic reactions, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure and fever.

Other Precautions : 
*Caution needed when administered with other drugs such as heparin and aspirin.

Storage Conditions : 
Injection: Store it at room temperature (

Lamotrigine

Generic Name : Lamotrigine

Pronunciation : la-MOE-tri-jeen

Trade Name(s): 
India- Epitic Tab, Favlam Tab, Lamepil Tab, Lamepril Mr Tab, Lametec Dispertab, Lametec Tab, Lamidus Dispertab, Lamitor Dt Tab, Lamitor Od Tab, Lamogin Dispertab, Lamorig Tab, Lamosyn Tab , Lemogen Tab, Sylam.
International- Lamictal , Lamictal XR .

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This medication is an anticonvulsant agent, prescribed for epilepsy and bipolar disorder either alone or combined with other medications. In epilepsy it is used for partial seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and generalized seizures of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. It stabilizes electrical activity in the brain.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Hypersensitivity.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category C : Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

When it is to be taken : 
The dose varies depending on the age of the patient and whether he/she takes any other medications for seizures.

How it should be taken : 
It comes as a tablet to take by mouth. It is usually taken once or twice a day with or without food.

Special Instruction : 
*Patient may develop suicidal thoughts with symptoms of panic attacks, agitation or restlessness, new or worsening irritability, anxiety, depression, acting on dangerous impulses, difficulty falling or staying asleep, aggressive, angry, or violent behavior, if it so, consult with your healthcare provider immediately.

* It may make you drowsy. Do not drive a car or operate machinery while taking this medication.


* Avoid abrupt withdrawal unless severe skin reactions have developed.


* Monitor body weight of patients (especially children) who are taking this medication.


* It may cause liver or kidney damage.


* Caution needed for elderly, liver or kidney impairment, Parkinson’s disease, during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Side Effects : 
Most Common-
Adult:
Rash, dizziness, headache, lack of coordination, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, drowsiness, and nose inflammation.

Children:
Vomiting, infection, fever, accidental injury, inflammation of pharynx, abdominal pain and tremor.
Body as Whole-
Fever, abdominal pain and neck pain.
Gastrointestinal-
Diarrhea, indigestion, constipation and loss of appetite.
Musculoskeletal-
Joint/muscle pain.
Eye-
Double vision.
Genitourinary-
Painful menstruation, inflammation of vagina and absence of menstrual period.
Potentially Fatal- Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Other Precautions : 
*Patient may develop with life threatening allergic reactions.


* It could cause decrease in blood counts.

Storage Conditions : 
Oral: Store below 30°C. Store it at room temperature. Keep this medication in an airtight container, and out of reach of children.

Acamprosate

Generic Name : Acamprosate

Pronunciation : a kam' pro sate

Trade Name(s): 
India- Acamprol , Acmacal.
International- Campral.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This medication is an anti-alcoholic agent, to prevent the need for alcohol in people who have stopped drinking alcohol. It reduces the desire to consume alcohol.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Contraindicated to known hypersensitivity and history of severe kidney impairment.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category C : Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

When it is to be taken : 
The dose depends on patient’s body weight. The recommended dose is two 333 mg tablets (each dose should total to 666 mg) taken three times daily.

How it should be taken : 
It comes as a tablet to take by mouth, three times per day, with or without meals.

Special Instruction : 
*Caution should be exercised in patients with history of kidney disease, severe allergic reactions, patient under treatment with antidepressant, elderly, children, during pregnancy and breastfeeding.


*Patient may develop with suicidal thoughts, watch them carefully.



*It may affect thinking ability or coordination, do not drive a car or operate machinery while taking this medication.



* Avoid alcohol consumption.

Side Effects : 
Body as a Whole-

Accidental injury, weakness, headache, abdominal pain, back pain, infection and suicide attempt.
Central Nervous System-


Anxiety, depression, dizziness, dry mouth, sleeplessness, tingling, drowsiness, decreased libido (sexual pleasure), memory loss, abnormal thinking and tremor.
Heart-

Palpitations, syncope (consciousness loss), vasodilatation, high/low blood pressure, fast heart rate, bleeding, chest pain, varicose vein, sudden heart attack, inflammation of blood vessels and postural hypotension (fall in the blood pressure when the person stands up suddenly).
Gastrointestinal-


Loss of appetite, diarrhea, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, blood vomiting, indigestion, constipation, increased appetite, inflammation of stomach, difficulty in swallowing, eructation, gastrointestinal bleeding, inflammation of pancreas and rectal bleeding.
Endocrine System-

Decrease in thyroid hormone.
Blood -

Anemia, easy bruising, eosinophilia, increase in lymphocytes and decrease in platelets.
Metabolic -

Peripheral edema, weight gain, weight loss, hyperglycemia, increase in liver enzyme, gout, thirst, vitamin deficiency and excess bilirubin in blood.
Liver-

Liver inflammation.
Skin-

Itching, sweating, rash, pimples, hair loss, hive and dry skin.
Eye and ENT-

Abnormal vision, taste perversion, ringing in the ear, poor vision or vision abnormalities and photophobia (sensitive to light).
Genitourinary-

Impotence, irregular periods, urinary frequency, urinary tract infection, abnormal sexual function, urinary incontinence and vaginal inflammation.
Miscellaneous-

Fever, intentional overdose, malaise (discomfortness), allergic reaction, abscess, neck pain, hernia (swelling or projection of an organ), intentional injury, flu syndrome, chest pain and chills.

Other Precautions : 
*Avoid excess or less dosage.

Storage Conditions : 
Oral: Store it at room temperature (15-30°C), and in an airtight container.

Raloxifene

Generic Name : Raloxifene

Pronunciation : ral-OX-i-feen

Trade Name(s): 
India- Bonmax Tab, Bontact Tab, Esserm Tab, Estroact Tab, Evomate Tab, Fiona Tab, Gynista Tab, Osral Tab, Ralista Film-Coated Tab, Ralocium Tab, Ralofen Film-Coated Tab, Ralosto Tab, Ralotab Tab, Ralox Tab, Raloxifene Tembid, Ruftuf Tab, Sermifen, Strong Kit.
International- Evista .

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This medication is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) prescribed for treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It is also used for reduction in risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and those at high risk for invasive breast cancer. It decreases bone turnover and increases bone density.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Contraindicated in patients with allergy to the drug; active or past history of venous blood clot events including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and retinal vein thrombosis, pregnancy, nursing mothers.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category X : Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.

When it is to be taken : 
Adult: PO- The recommended dose is 60 mg/day.

How it should be taken : 
It comes as a tablet to take by mouth. It is usually taken once a day with or without food.

Special Instruction : 
*You should follow the diet and exercise recommended by the doctor regularly.
*Calcium and Vitamin D should be taken if needed.
*Monitor your body weight regularly to prevent bone weakness.
*It may cause blood clots, so avoid sitting in one place.
*It is not recommended for men.
*Caution needed for pregnant women, elderly, and children, patients with history of heart failure, liver or kidney disease, excess in triglycerides in blood.

Side Effects : 
Serious adverse effects- Deep vein thrombosis (clotting in the deep veins), pulmonary embolus, stroke.
Most Common-
Hot flushes, leg cramps, sweating, sleep disorders, peripheral edema, vaginal bleeding; flu-like symptoms, rashes, headache.
Gastrointestinal-

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, GI disturbances.
Metabolic-

Weight gain.
Musculoskeletal-

Joint pain, muscle pain, inflammation of joints, tendon disorder.
Central Nervous System-

Depression, sleeplessness, dizziness, nerve disease.
Respiratory-

Inflammation of respiratory tract, runny nose, increased cough.
Skin-

Rash, sweating.
Eye-

Inflammation of conjunctiva.
Genitourinary-

Urinary tract infection, inflammation of vagina, vaginal bleeding, uterine disorder.
Potentially Fatal- Endometrial carcinoma and thromboembolic events.

Other Precautions : 
*Take exactly as directed by your healthcare provider.

Storage Conditions : 
Oral: Store at 15-30°C.Keep this medication in an airtight container, and room temperature. Keep away from children.

Vardenafil

Generic Name : Vardenafil

Pronunciation : var-DEN-a-fil

Trade Name(s): 
India- Mevitra -20, Mvitra.
International- Levitra, Staxyn.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This medication is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, prescribed for erectile dysfunction (impotence).

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Contraindicated in patients who are taking nitrate, heart disease and hypersensitivity.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category B : Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women OR Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in any trimester.

When it is to be taken : 
PO- Initial- The recommended dose is 10 mg; it should be taken approximately 60 minutes before sexual activity.


It may be increased or decreased. Maximum: 20mg.

How it should be taken : 
It comes as a tablet to take by mouth, with or without food.

Special Instruction : 
* Caution should be exercised in patients with history of prolonged (more than 4 hours) or painful erection, who have deformed penis, peyronie's disease, diabetes, high cholesterol, high or low blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, heart attack, chest pain, stroke, epilepsy, lung problems, ulcer, bleeding disorder, blood disorder, multiple myeloma (cancer of the plasma cells), blood cancer, liver, kidney or heart disease, any allergy, who are taking other medications, elderly.


* It should be given only for men.



* Patient may experience with chest pain during sexual intercourse; if it is so consult with your doctor immediately.



* Avoid sexual activities.

Side Effects : 
Common-

Headache, flushing, nose inflammation, indigestion, accidental injury, inflammation of sinus, flu syndrome, dizziness, increased level of liver enzymes and nausea.
Body As A Whole-

Anaphylactic reaction (including laryngeal edema), weakness, face swelling and generalized pain.
ENT -

Loss of hearing and ringing in the ear.
Heart -

Chest pain, high/low blood pressure, heart attack, palpitation, fainting and fast heart rate.
Gastrointestinal -

Abdominal pain, abnormal liver function tests, diarrhea, dry mouth, difficulty in swallowing, inflammation of esophagus/stomach, acid reflux and vomiting.
Musculoskeletal -

Joint pain, back pain, muscle pain and neck pain.
Central Nervous System-

Muscle tightness, sleeplessness, tingling, drowsiness and fatigue.
Respiratory-

Difficulty in breathing, nose bleed and inflammation of pharynx.
Skin-

Photosensitivity reaction, itching, rash and sweating.
Eye -

Abnormal vision, blurred vision, changes in color vision, increased redness of the eye, dim vision, eye pain, increased eye pressure, sensitivity to sunlight and watery eyes.
Genitourinary -

Abnormal ejaculation and prolonged or painful erections.

Other Precautions : 
* It is not advisable for women, especially during pregnancy and lactation.

Storage Conditions : 
Store it at room temperature (25°C), and in an airtight container.

Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide

Generic Name : Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide

Pronunciation : a mill' oh ride - hye droe klor oh thye' a zide

Trade Name(s): 
India- Amilochlor Tab , Biduret Tab , Biduret-L Tab.
International- Moduretic.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This combination medication contains diuretics, prescribed for hypertension and congestive heart failure.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Contraindicated in patients with kidney impairment, increased level of potassium in blood and pregnancy.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category B : Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women OR Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in any trimester.

When it is to be taken : 
Adult: PO- Per tab contains amiloride 5 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg: 1-2 tab/day.

How it should be taken : 
It comes as a tablet to take by mouth, with food.

Special Instruction : 
* Caution should be exercised in patients with history of untreated salt/mineral imbalance (such as high potassium, low sodium level), kidney disease, liver disease, diabetes, loss of water content in body (dehydration), lupus, gout, high levels of fat content in blood, any allergy, who are taking other medications, during pregnancy and breastfeeding.


* It may cause dizziness or lightheadedness, do not drive a car or operate machinery, and get up slowly from bed while taking this medication.


* Avoid alcohol consumption.


* Monitor blood sugar regularly while taking this medication.

Side Effects : 
Body as a Whole -

Headache, weakness and fatigue/tiredness.
Heart -

Irregular heart rate.
Gastrointestinal -

Nausea/loss of appetite, diarrhea, gastrointestinal pain and abdominal pain.
Metabolic -

Elevated serum potassium levels.
Musculoskeletal -

Leg pain.
Nervous system -

Dizziness.
Respiratory -

Difficulty in breathing.
Skin -

Rash and itching.

Other Precautions : 
* Avoid excess dosage.


* Avoid long-term use of this medication; otherwise it may lead to increase level of potassium in blood.

Storage Conditions : 
Store it at room temperature (15-30°C), and in an airtight container. Keep away from children.

Valganciclovir

Generic Name : Valganciclovir

Pronunciation : VAL-gan-SYE-kloe-vir

Trade Name(s): 
International- Valcyte.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This medication is an antiviral agent, prescribed for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Hypersensitivity.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category C : Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

When it is to be taken : 
Induction: PO- The recommended dose is 900 mg (two 450 mg tablets) twice a day for 21 days.

How it should be taken : 
It comes as a tablet and solution take by mouth, with food.

Special Instruction : 
* Caution should be exercised in patients with history of congenital CMV disease, blood cell or platelet problems, history of bone marrow depression, kidney, heart, or liver disease, any allergy, who are taking other medications, elderly, during pregnancy and breastfeeding.


* It may cause drowsiness or dizziness, do not drive a car or operate machinery while taking this medication.




* Extreme caution needed in children less than 4 months old.



* Avoid contact with people who have infections.



* It may reduce platelet counts; avoid injury or bruising.



* It may decrease sperm counts; consult with your healthcare before taking this medication.



* Monitor complete blood counts, and kidney function while taking this medication.

Side Effects : 
Most Common -


Diarrhea, fever, nausea, tremor, anemia, graft rejection, decrease in white blood cells and platelet counts, vomiting.
Allergic reactions -
Hypersensitivity.
Bleeding complications -

Potentially life-threatening bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia.
Central Nervous System -

Tingling, dizziness, convulsion, depression, psychosis, hallucinations, confusion and agitation.
Gastrointestinal -

Abdominal pain, constipation, indigestion, abdominal distention and ascites.
General -

Fatigue, pain, fluid retention, swelling in the extremities and weakness.
Blood -

Anemia and bone marrow depression.
Liver -

Abnormal liver function.
Metabolic -

Increased blood sugar, decreased appetite, dehydration and decrease in blood minerals.
Musculoskeletal -

Back pain, joint pain, muscle cramps and limb pain.
Genitourinary -

Kidney impairment, painful urination and decreased creatinine clearance.
Respiratory -

Cough, difficulty in breathing, runny nose and lung inflammation.
Skin -

Skin inflammation, itching and pimples.
Heart -
Low blood pressure.

Other Precautions : 
* Avoid excess dosage.

Storage Conditions : 
Store it at controlled room temperature (15°C to 30°C).

Lomustine

Generic Name : Lomustine

Pronunciation : loe mus' teen

Trade Name(s): 
India- Lomtin Cap, Lomustine Cap, Lomuwin, Lomat, Moostin, ustine Cap, VHB NU.
International- CeeNU.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : This medication is an alkylating agent, prescribed for certain types of cancer.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Hypersensitivity.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category D : There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

When it is to be taken : 
Initial- PO- The recommended dose is 130 mg/m² as a single dose every 6 weeks.

How it should be taken : It comes as a capsule to take by mouth, on an empty stomach.

Special Instruction : 
* Caution should be exercised in patients with history of bone marrow, heart, lung, breathing, liver, or kidney problems, any infection, who are taking other medications, during pregnancy and breastfeeding.


* Avoid contact with people who have infections.


* Avoid long-term use of this medication; otherwise patient may develop with increased risk of secondary cancer.


* Monitor liver, kidney, lung function and complete blood cell counts regularly while taking this medication.

Side Effects : 
Severe effects -

Liver, kidney, gastrointestinal and lung damage.

Other Precautions : 
* Avoid excess dosage.

Storage Conditions : 
Store it at controlled room temperature (15-30°C) and in an airtight container.

Rituximab

Generic Name : Rituximab

Pronunciation : ri-TUX-i-mab

Trade Name(s): 
India- Mabthera, Reditux.
International- Rituxan.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This medication is a monoclol antibody, prescribed for certain types of cancer such as lymphomas, leukemias, transplant rejection and some autoimmune disorders.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Hypersensitivity.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category C : Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

When it is to be taken : 
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) -
The recommended dose is 375 mg/m² as an IV infusion at weekly intervals for a total of four doses.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)-
375 mg/m² the day prior to the initiation of FC chemotherapy, then 500 mg/m² on Day 1 of cycles 2-6 (every 28 days).

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)-
The recommended dose is two-1000 mg intravenous infusions separated by 2 weeks.

How it should be taken : 
It comes as a solution for injection to be administered by a healthcare provider into the vein.

Special Instruction : 
* Caution should be exercised in patients with history of kidney, liver, lung, or blood problems, heart problems, bowel problems, electrolyte problems, high blood pressure, any allergy, who are taking other medications, elderly, children, during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

* It may cause dizziness, do not drive a car or operate machinery while taking this medication.


* Avoid contact with people who have infections.


* Patients with hepatitis B infection may develop with an increased risk of liver impairment. If you experience with symptoms like dark urine, pale colored stools, severe stomach pain, or yellowing of the eyes or skin consult with your doctor immediately.

Side Effects : 
Body as a Whole -


Fever, chills, infection, weakness, headache, abdominal pain, back pain, throat irritation and flushing.
Blood and Lymphatic -


Anemia, decrease in white blood cells and platelets.
Skin -


Night sweats, rash, itching and hives.
Respiratory -


Increased cough, runny nose, asthma, difficulty in breathing and sinus inflammation.
Metabolic -


Increased blood sugar, swelling in the extremities and increased LDH.
Gastrointestinal -


Nausea, diarrhea and vomiting.
Central Nervous System -


Dizziness and anxiety.
Musculoskeletal -


Joint/muscle pain.
Heart -

Low/high blood pressure.

Other Precautions : 
* Avoid vaccination while taking this medication.

Storage Conditions : 
Store it in refrigerator (2°C-8°C). Do not freeze it.

Alfacalcidol

Generic Name : Alfacalcidol

Pronunciation :  al-fă-kal′si-dol

Trade Name(s): 
India- Acal, Albonate, Alcal, Alcalci, Alcals Plu, Alcidol, Alciriz, Alfa caps, Alfa Surec, Alfabol, Alfacal, Alfacal Pl, Alfacare, Alfacip, Alfacip Pl, Alfa-D3, Alfa-Maxic, Alfa Osteb, Alfarich, Alfaest, Alfasureca, Alfatec C, Alfazic, Alfex, Alfex-Bt, Allnet, Alpha B Ca, Alphabond, Alphacad, Alphadol, Alphadol-C, Alpidol, Bonical-A, Bonlee, Cad Alpha, Cal Ci San, Calcad – Bc, Calceedol, Calcif, Calcijiex, Calcit Sg, Calfa Plus, Calfa-D, Calrage, Calsure Op, calvon A, Canadol, Caphidol C, Cascal, Cason D, Cecal Plus, Cidocal, Densica Al, Dolvic, Elcadol, Flabone, Glycal A, Gr-Alfa, Ascal, Ifycal-Ad, Intradol, Ipridol, Kalcid, Kaliber, Kalory, Kalpha, Milkal, Minroset, Minoroset-C, Ob-Cal A, One Alpha, Orocal, Ospical Op, Ossopan Al, Pharmacal, Qtr-Alfa, Refirm, Rical-Alfa, Rulcal, Salcidol, Sayocal A, Shelcal-Os, Shel-D-Os, Simcal Bc, Skelbon, Spercal-Al, Supracal-A, Swidol-A, Unical-Bc, Vitalpha, Vitlpha C, Zaxial, Zaxial Plu, Zovical A.
International- Alfa-D, One-Alpha.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This medication is an analogue of vitamin D, prescribed for hypocalcaemia, hypoparathyroidism, hypophosphataemia, renal osteodystrophy, and osteomalacia.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Contraindicated in patients with high blood calcium, phosphate, and magnesium and known hypersensitivity.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category C : Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

When it is to be taken : 
Adult- PO- The recommended starting dose is 1mcg/day. Maintenance: 0.25-1 mcg/day.


Adult- IV- The recommended initial dose is 1 mcg per dialysis two to three times a week.

How it should be taken : 
It comes as a capsule to take by mouth, with food.


It also comes as a solution for injection to be administered by a healthcare provider into the vein.

Special Instruction : 
* Caution should be exercised in patients with history of kidney stones, heart or kidney disease, high level of calcium in blood, any allergy, who are taking other medications, during pregnancy and breastfeeding.


* Monitor blood electrolytes level regularly while taking this medication.



* Monitor serum levels of calcium in patients with kidney failure.

Side Effects : 
Gastrointestinal -


Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and increased thirst.
Central Nervous System -


Headache, fainting and lack of energy.
Skin -


Increased sweating, itching, rash and hives.
Genitourinary: -

Increased urination, kidney impairment, and excessive urinary calcium excretion.

Other Precautions : 
* Avoid excess dosage.

Storage Conditions : 
Capsules: Store it at room temperature (25°C), and in an airtight container.



Injection: Store it in a cool place (below 15°C).

Estrogen and Progestin - Oral Contraceptives

Generic Name : Estrogen and Progestin - Oral Contraceptives

Pronunciation : (ess' troe jen) (proe jes' tin)

Trade Name(s): 
International- Alesse, Apri, Aviane, Brevicon, Cryselle, Cyclessa, Demulen, Desogen, Enpresse, Estrostep, Femcon, Kariva, Lessina, Levlen, Levlite, Levora, Lo/Ovral, Loestrin, LoSeasonique, Low-Ogestrel, Lybrel, Microgestin, Mircette, Modicon, MonoNessa, Necon, Nelova, Nordette, Norinyl, Nortrel, NuvaRing, Ogestrel, Ortho Evra, Ortho Tri-Cyclen, Ortho-Cept, Ortho-Cyclen, Ortho-Novum, Ovcon, Ovral, Portia, Seasonale, Seasonique, Sprintec, Tri-Levlen, Tri-Norinyl, Triphasil, Tri-Spintec, Trivora, Yasmin, Yaz, Zovia.

Why it is prescribed (Indications) : 
This combination medication contains two female sex hormones. Various combinations of these hormones are referred to as oral contraceptives or birth-control pills. They prevent the release of eggs from your ovaries and thus prevent pregnancy. Birth-control pills are more effective than any other method of contraception.

When it is not to be taken (Contraindications): 

Contraindicated in patients with suspected pregnancy, abnormal genital bleeding, migraine, liver disease, breastfeeding, bleeding disorder, high blood pressure, breast cancer, and hypersensitivity.

Pregnancy Category :

A B C D X

Category X : Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.

When it is to be taken : 

* Birth-control pills come in the form of packets of 21 or 28 tablets. They are taken orally once a day.


* Get in the habit of taking your tablet at the same time every day (e.g., after dinner or at bedtime). This routine may help you remember to take your tablet regularly and prevent pregnancy.


* Follow the instructions that come with the tablets concerning when to take your first tablet (on the first or fifth day of your menstrual periods or on the first Sunday after or on which bleeding begins).


* If you have tablets of more than one color, be sure to take them in the proper sequence. Different colored tablets contain different ingredient and are not interchangeable.


* In the 28-tablet packet, the last seven tablets are a different color. These tablets are not birth-controls pills; they contain either iron (ferrous fumarate) or an inactive ingredient.


* If you have a 21-tablet packet, take one tablet daily for 21 days and then none for seven days. Then start a new packet.


* If you have a 28-tablet packet, take one tablet daily for 28 days. Start your next packet on the next day. You should take one tablet daily continuously, starting a new packet the day after taking your 28th tablet.

How it should be taken : 
It comes as a tablet to take by mouth, as directed by your physician.

Special Instruction : 


* During the first two weeks (of your first packet) that you take birth-control pills, use another method of birth control.


* If you miss one tablet, take it as soon as you remember and take the next one at the regular time, even tough you may be taking two tablets in one day.


* If your miss two tablets, take two tablets daily for the net two days. Whenever one or two doses are missed, use another method of birth control for the remainder of the packet.


* If you miss three tablets, do not take them when you remember. Throw away any tablets remaining in the packet and start a new packet of tablets on the seventh or eighth day after you took your last tablet, even if you are still bleeding or have not had your period. Use another method of birth control until you have taken one tablets each day for 14 consecutive days from the new packet.

Side Effects : 
Nausea, chloasma or melasma, breakthrough bleeding and/or spotting, breast changes (tenderness, enlargement, secretion)

Other Precautions : 


* Before you take this medication, tell your doctor your entire medical history, including family medical history, especially if you have asthma; high blood pressure; kidney, liver, or heart disease; or a history of jaundice (yellowing of skin or eyes) or high blood pressure during pregnancy, excessive weight gain or fluid retention during your menstrual cycle, strokes, blood clots, heart attacks, seizures, migraine headaches, breast cancer, high blood level of cholesterol or lipids, or mental depression.
* Before you start to take birth-control pills, tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding or if you think that you may be pregnant.


* Birth-control pills can harm a developing baby.


* If you miss one menstrual period and have taken your tablets as directed, continue taking them. However, if you miss one period and have not taken your tablets as directed or if you miss two menstrual periods and have taken the tablets as directed, notify your doctor and use another method of birth control until you have a pregnancy test.


* If you wish to stop taking birth-control pills and become pregnant, use another method of birth control for at least three months to be sure that the medication will not harm the baby.


* It may take a long time for you to become pregnant after you stop taking birth-control pills, especially if you have never had a baby or if you had irregular, infrequent, or complete absence of menstrual periods before taking birth-control pills.


* This problem does not seem to be related to the duration of use of birth-control pills. Discuss this problem with your doctor.


* Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. You should have a complete physical examination, including blood pressure measurements, breast and pelvic examinations, and Pap test for vaginal cancer, at least once a year.


* Follow your doctor's instructions for examining your own breasts, and report any lumps immediately.


* Tell your doctor what prescription and non prescription drugs you are taking. Birth control pills can affect the action of many drugs, and certain drugs may decrease the effectiveness of birth-control pills. Before you take other drugs, ask your doctor if you should use another method of birth control.


* Do not smoke cigarettes. Birth-control pills slightly increase your risk of strokes, blood clots, high blood pressure, heart attacks, gallbladder disease, vision problems, and liver tumors. Cigarette smoking and age (women older than 35 or 40 years of age) further increase the risk of stroke, blood clots, high blood pressure, and heart attacks.


* Ask your doctor for a copy of the patient labeling which explains these risks in more detail.


* If you are near-sighted or wear contact lenses, you may develop vision problems. Also, your tolerance of the lenses may decrease. Contact your eye doctor if these problems occur.


* Before having surgery, including dental surgery, tell the doctor that you take birth-control pills.


* Do not allow anyone else to take this medication.

Storage Conditions : 


* Keep this medication out of the reach of children.


* To help you keep track of your doses, keep your birth-control pills in their original container.